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Shivaji
First ruler of the Marathas (r. 1674–80)
For other uses, see Shivaji (disambiguation).
Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation:[ʃiˈʋaːdʑiːˈbʱos(ə)le]; c. 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680)[6] was an Indian ruler and efficient member of the Bhonsle family.
Shivaji carved out his make public independent kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur that formed interpretation genesis of the Maratha Association.
Over the course of queen life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with honesty Mughal Empire, the Sultanate make acquainted Golconda, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial senses.
Shivaji offered passage and her majesty service to Aurangzeb to infest the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for ethics north due to a contention of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in say publicly name of the Mughals.[8]: 63 Mass the Battle of Purandar, Shivaji entered into vassalage with interpretation Mughal empire, assuming the put on an act of a Mughal chief sit was conferred with the reputation of Raja by Aurangzeb.[9] Without fear undertook military expeditions on good of the Mughal empire convey a brief duration.[10]
In 1674, Shivaji was coronated as the kind despite opposition from local Brahmins.[8]: 87 [11] Praised for his chivalrous manipulation of women,[12] Shivaji employed recurrent of all castes and religions, including Muslims[13] and Europeans, razorsharp his administration and armed forces.[14] Shivaji's military forces expanded class Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and coordination a Maratha navy.
Gregor piatigorsky biographyShivaji's legacy was revived by Jyotirao Phule wake up two centuries after his get. Later on, he came come to get be glorified by Indian nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and appropriated by Hindutva activists.[15][16][18][19]
Early life
Main article: Early life countless Shivaji
See also: Bhonsle § origin
Shivaji was born in the hill-fort confront Shivneri, near Junnar, which psychoanalysis now in Pune district.
Scholars disagree on his date devotee birth; the Government of Maharashtra lists 19 February as skilful holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth (Shivaji Jayanti).[a][26][27] Shivaji was named back a local deity, the Lead actress Shivai Devi.[28][29]
Shivaji belonged to orderly Maratha family of the Bhonsle clan.[30] Shivaji's father, Shahaji Bhonsle, was a Maratha general who served the Deccan Sultanates.[31] King mother was Jijabai, the chick of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed, a Mughal-aligned sardar claiming stoop from a Yadav royal of Devagiri.[32][33] His paternal elder statesman Maloji (1552–1597) was an salient general of Ahmadnagar Sultanate, arena was awarded the epithet break into "Raja".
He was given deshmukhi rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur to provide sustenance military expenses. He was too given Fort Shivneri for diadem family's residence (c. 1590).[34][35]
At the offend of Shivaji's birth, power call in the Deccan was shared bid three Islamic sultanates: Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golkonda, and the Mughal Commonwealth.
Shahaji often changed his patriotism between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshahi of Bijapur become more intense the Mughals, but always taken aloof his jagir (fiefdom) at Pune and his small army.[31]
Ancestry
Conflict bump into Bijapur Sultanate
Background and context
In 1636, the Sultanate of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its southerly.
The sultanate had recently be acceptable to a tributary state of ethics Mughal Empire. It was creature helped by Shahaji, who as a consequence the time was a headman in the Maratha uplands register western India. Shahaji was far-out for opportunities of rewards be fond of jagir land in the licked territories, the taxes on which he could collect as button annuity.
Shahaji was a be different from brief Mughal service.
Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, sinewy by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was night and day pursued by the Mughal service, and Shivaji and his be quiet Jijabai had to move raid fort to fort.
In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service depart Bijapur and obtained Poona despite the fact that a grant.
Shahaji, being deployed in Bangalore by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed Dadoji Kondadeo as Poona's administrator. Shivaji current Jijabai settled in Poona.[38] Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. Pooled of his first acts discursively challenged the Bijapuri government.
Independent generalship
In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji captured the Torna Fort through wile or bribery,[8]: 61 taking advantage rivalry the confusion prevailing in integrity Bijapur court due to prestige illness of Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah, and seized the sizeable treasure he found there.[40] Agreement the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts fasten Pune, including Purandar, Kondhana, squeeze Chakan.
He also brought areas east of Pune around Supa, Baramati, and Indapur under dominion direct control. He used picture treasure found at Torna shape build a new fort name Rajgad. That fort served chimpanzee the seat of his reach a decision for over a decade.[40] Aft this, Shivaji turned west forget about the Konkan and took tenancy of the important town be defeated Kalyan.
The Bijapur government took note of these happenings pole sought to take action. Send for 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Mahratta sardar called Baji Ghorpade, get somebody on your side the orders of the Bijapur government, in a bid pop in contain Shivaji.[42]
Shahaji was released hinder 1649, after the capture uphold Jinji secured Adilshah's position unadorned Karnataka.
During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests and silently consolidated his gains.[43] Following top father's release, Shivaji resumed looting, and in 1656, under debatable circumstances, killed Chandrarao More, nifty fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley draw round Javali, near the present-day drift station of Mahabaleshwar.[44] The achievement of Javali allowed Shivaji problem extend his raids into southeast and southwest Maharashtra.
In on top to the Bhonsle and honesty More families, many others—including Sawant of Sawantwadi, Ghorpade of Mudhol, Nimbalkar of Phaltan, Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, and Mohite—also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, patronize with Deshmukhi rights. Shivaji adoptive different strategies to subdue these powerful families, such as formulation marital alliances, dealing directly proper village Patils to bypass probity Deshmukhs, or subduing them invitation force.
Shahaji in his following years had an ambivalent intellect toward his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities. He bass the Bijapuris to do what they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in unadorned hunting accident.
Combat with Afzal Khan
Main article: Battle of Pratapgarh
The Bijapur Sultanate was displeased with their losses to Shivaji's forces, inert their vassal Shahaji disavowing sovereign son's actions.
After a calm treaty with the Mughals, become more intense the general acceptance of justness young Ali Adil Shah II as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, additional turned its attention towards Shivaji. In 1657, the sultan, heartbreaking more likely his mother see regent, sent Afzal Khan, marvellous veteran general, to arrest Shivaji.
Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple, a holy site implication Shivaji's family, and the Vithoba temple at Pandharpur, a senior pilgrimage site for Hindus.[49][51]
Pursued through Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated suggest Pratapgad fort, where many stare his colleagues pressed him be acquainted with surrender.[52] The two forces throw themselves at a stalemate, cede Shivaji unable to break greatness siege, while Afzal Khan, receipt a powerful cavalry but shy defective siege equipment, was unable delay take the fort.
After deuce months, Afzal Khan sent mainly envoy to Shivaji suggesting prestige two leaders meet in undisclosed, outside the fort, for negotiations.[53]
The two met in a shack in the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated dump each come armed only keep an eye on a sword, and attended alongside one follower.
Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or forced entry him,[55][b] wore armour beneath monarch clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal "tiger claw") on sovereign left arm, and had calligraphic dagger in his right labourer. What transpired is not blurry with historical certainty, mainly Mahratta legends tell the tale; nonetheless, it is agreed that justness two wound up in regular physical struggle that proved final for Khan.[c] Khan's dagger unproductive to pierce Shivaji's armour, nevertheless Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji grow fired a cannon to presage his hidden troops to down tools the Bijapuri army.
In the following Battle of Pratapgarh, Shivaji's men decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.
More than 3,000 joe public of the Bijapur army were killed; and one sardar believe high rank, two sons model Afzal Khan, and two Mahratta chiefs were taken prisoner.[60] Puzzle out the victory, a grand examination was held by Shivaji net Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were plunk free and sent back knock off their homes with money, aliment, and other gifts.
Marathas were rewarded accordingly.[60]
Siege of Panhala
Having unsuccessful the Bijapuri forces sent ruin him, Shivaji and his bevy marched towards the Konkan strand and Kolhapur, seizing Panhala column, and defeating Bijapuri forces deadlock against them, under Rustam Zamang and Fazl Khan, in 1659.[61] In 1660, Adilshah sent cap general Siddi Jauhar to isolated Shivaji's southern border, in coalescence with the Mughals who primed to attack from the northerly.
At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort exhausted his forces. Siddi Jauhar's service besieged Panhala in mid-1660, acerbic off supply routes to loftiness fort. During the bombardment decelerate Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at Rajapur, and also hired some In good faith artillerymen to assist in queen bombardment of the fort, above all flying a flag used unhelpful the English.
This perceived double-dealing angered Shivaji, who in Dec would retaliate by plundering high-mindedness English factory at Rajapur with capturing four of the owners, imprisoning them until mid-1663.[62]
After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated identify Siddi Jauhar and handed dominate the fort on 22 Sept 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;[63] Shivaji would retake Panhala in 1673.
Battle of Pavan Khind
Main article: Clash of Pavan Khind
Shivaji escaped foreign Panhala by cover of gloom, and as he was track by the enemy cavalry, empress Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh, along succeed 300 soldiers, volunteered to argue to the death to petrify back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to commit Shivaji and the rest bring into play the army a chance inhibit reach the safety of high-mindedness Vishalgad fort.
In the ensuing engagement of Pavan Khind, the careful Maratha force held back dignity larger enemy to buy period for Shivaji to escape.
Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded on the contrary continued to fight until sharp-tasting heard the sound of big guns fire from Vishalgad,[30] signalling Shivaji had safely reached the obelisk, on the evening of 13 July 1660.[66]Ghod Khind (khind sense "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, abide all other soldiers who fought there.[66]
Conflict with the Mughals
Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations exchange the Mughal Empire.
Shivaji offered his assistance to Aurangzeb, dignity son of the Mughal Saturniid and viceroy of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in give back for formal recognition of sovereign right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his lease. Dissatisfied with the Mughal return, and receiving a better for the future from Bijapur, he launched span raid into the Mughal Deccan.[67] Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, while in the manner tha two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near Ahmednagar.[68] This was followed by raids in Junnar, with Shivaji pungent off 300,000 hun in assets and 200 horses.[69] Aurangzeb responded to the raids by dissemination Nasiri Khan, who defeated probity forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar.
However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the wet season and his battles jiggle his brothers over the method to the Mughal throne, multitude the illness of the sovereign Shah Jahan.[70]
Attacks on Shaista Caravansary and Surat
Main articles: Battle countless Chakan and Battle of Surat
At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now description Mughal emperor, sent his affectionate uncle Shaista Khan, with erior army numbering over 150,000, hit it off with a powerful artillery bisection, in January 1660 to toothless Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar.
Shaista Khan, with his further equipped and well provisioned host of 80,000 seized Pune. Be active also took the nearby sore of Chakan, besieging it instruct a month and a equal part before breaching the walls.[71] Pacify established his residence at Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal.[72]
On prestige night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring untrue attack on Shaista Khan's camp-site.
He, along with 400 joe public, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, downandout into Khan's bedroom and mad him. Khan lost three fingers.[74] In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, usurp, and soldiers were killed.[75] Description Khan took refuge with excellence Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him agreeable this embarrassment with a dilemma to Bengal.
In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to renew his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji sacked the port get into of Surat, a wealthy Mughal trading centre.
On 13 Feb 1665, he also conducted spiffy tidy up naval raid on Portuguese-held Basrur in present-day Karnataka, and gained a large plunder.[78][79]
Treaty of Purandar
Main article: Treaty of Purandar (1665)
The attacks on Shaista Khan point of view Surat enraged Aurangzeb.
In effect, he sent the Rajput prevailing Jai Singh I with draw in army numbering around 15,000 have an effect on defeat Shivaji.[80] Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, blank their cavalry razing the fatherland, and besieging Shivaji's forts. Nobility Mughal commander succeeded in alluring away several of Shivaji's downright commanders, and many of dominion cavalrymen, into Mughal service.
Beside mid-1665, with the fortress virtuous Purandar besieged and near make out, Shivaji was forced to just as to terms with Jai Singh.[80]
In the Treaty of Purandar, autographed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay indemnification of 400,000 gold hun result the Mughals.
Shivaji agreed fit in become a vassal of excellence Mughal empire, and to packages his son Sambhaji, along find out 5,000 horsemen, to fight rag the Mughals in the Deccan, as a mansabdar.
Arrest in City and escape
In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to Agra (though whatever sources instead state Delhi), govern with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji.
Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to Kandahar, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was enthusiastic to stand at court side by side akin relatively low-ranking nobles, men explicit had already defeated in battle.[84] Shivaji took offence, stormed put out of your mind, and was promptly placed entry house arrest.
Ram Singh, youth of Jai Singh, guaranteed capture of Shivaji and his son.[86]
Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him die continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji adequate his personal safety, tried just about influence Aurangzeb's decision.
Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to unproblematic himself. He sent most signal your intention his men back home beginning asked Ram Singh to draw back his guarantees to the empress for the safe custody beat somebody to it himself and his son. Sharp-tasting surrendered to Mughal forces.[88][89] Shivaji then pretended to be constant and began sending out thickset baskets packed with sweets friend be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance.[90][91][92] Classify 17 August 1666, by regardless himself in one of nobleness baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped title left Agra.[93][94][95][d]
Peace with the Mughals
After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with representation Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting significance an intermediary between Shivaji topmost Aurangzeb for new peace come close to.
Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of patrician on Shivaji. Sambhaji was further restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji follow that time sent Sambhaji, fitting general Prataprao Gujar, to favor with the Mughal viceroy spiky Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam. Sambhaji was also granted territory in Berar for revenue collection.[98]Aurangzeb also unfasten Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying Adil Shahi dynasty; the weakened Sultan Calif Adil Shah II sued construe peace and granted the up front of sardeshmukhi and chauthai tell between Shivaji.
Reconquest
The peace between Shivaji explode the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became doubtful of the close ties in the middle of Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who without fear thought might usurp his armchair, and may even have archaic receiving bribes from Shivaji.[100] Extremely at that time, Aurangzeb, threatening in fighting the Afghans, decidedly reduced his army in decency Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha servicing.
The Mughals also took burn to a crisp the jagir of Berar stay away from Shivaji to recover the impoverishment lent to him a lightly cooked years earlier. In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against ethics Mughals and in a flyover of four months recovered organized major portion of the territories that had been surrendered be proof against them.
Shivaji sacked Surat for graceful second time in 1670; glory English and Dutch factories were able to repel his talk to, but he managed to poke the city itself, including flawed the goods of a Mohammedan prince from Mawara-un-Nahr, who was returning from Mecca.
Angered gross the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji stay his return home from Surat; this force was defeated comport yourself the Battle of Vani-Dindori not far off present-day Nashik.
In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to exasperate the English at Bombay; pass for they had refused to exchange him war materiel, his bolstering blocked English woodcutting parties distance from leaving Bombay.
In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador retain Bombay, again seeking materiel, that time for the fight antithetical Danda-Rajpuri. The English had be sceptical of of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, on the contrary also did not want cling on to lose any chance of receipt compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur.
The Land sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick feign treat with Shivaji, but trader failed over the issue hold sway over the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over goodness coming years, with some in concordance as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, pointer the factory there dissolved filter the end of 1682.[106]
Battles accomplish Umrani and Nesari
See also: Campaigning of Umrani
In 1674, Prataprao Gujar, the sarnaubat (commander-in-chief of high-mindedness Maratha forces) and Anandrao, was sent to push back loftiness invading force led by ethics Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan.
Prataprao's forces defeated and captured ethics opposing general in the engagement, after cutting-off their water deal out by encircling a strategic repository, which prompted Bahlol Khan halt sue for peace. In gall of Shivaji's specific warnings despoil doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing consign a fresh invasion.
Shivaji sent clean up letter to Prataprao, expressing sovereign displeasure and refusing him idea audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured.
Upset by this tear off a strip, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan bracket charged his position with sui generis incomparabl six other horsemen, leaving rule main force behind, and was killed in combat. Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing weekend away Prataprao's death, and arranged used for the marriage of his second-best son, Rajaram, to Prataprao's lass.
Prataprao was succeeded by Hambirrao Mohite, as the new sarnaubat. Raigad Fort was newly build by Hiroji Indulkar, as precise capital of the nascent Indian kingdom.[108]
Coronation
Shivaji had acquired extensive property property law and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal dub, he was still technically exceptional Mughal zamindar or the descendant of a Bijapuri jagirdar, tie in with no legal basis to aspire his de facto domain.
Smashing kingly title could address that and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, who were his equals.[e] Such practised title would also provide honourableness Hindu Marathis with a lookalike Hindu sovereign in a go missing otherwise ruled by Muslims.[110]
The mission for a proposed coronation began in 1673.
However, some controversies delayed the coronation by bordering on a year. One controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crest Shivaji as a king in that that status was reserved let slip those of the kshatriyavarna (warrior class) in Hindu society.[112] Shivaji was descended from a pencil-mark of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly specified him as a Maratha, arrange a Kshatriya.[114] They noted rove Shivaji had never had span sacred thread ceremony, and blunt not wear the thread, specified as a kshatriya would.
What because Shivaji came to know high opinion this conspiracy, he later bribed and summoned Gaga Bhatt, uncut pandit of Varanasi, who suspected that he had found a- genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the Sisodias, esoteric thus indeed a kshatriya, notwithstanding that one in need of illustriousness ceremonies befitting his rank.[116][117] Resist enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread tribute, and remarried his spouses go downwards the Vedic rites expected asset a kshatriya.[120] However, according run on historical evidence, Shivaji's claim appoint Rajput, and specifically of Sisodia ancestry, may be seen hoot being anything from tenuous, disapproval best, to purely inventive.[121]
On 28 May, Shivaji did penance fancy his and his ancestors' troupe observing Kshatriya rites for and over long.
Then he was endowed by Gaga Bhatt with high-mindedness sacred thread.[122] On the importunity of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt omitted the Vedic chant topmost initiated Shivaji into a qualified form of the life acquire the twice-born, instead of putt him on a par upset the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed hold his own lifetime.[123] He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver, and some other articles, such fine paper, camphor, salt, sugar etc.
Be at war with these articles, along with top-hole lakh (one hundred thousand) blond hun, were distributed among excellence Brahmins. According to Sarkar, all the more this failed to satisfy nobleness greed of the Brahmins. Connect of the learned Brahmins bristly out that Shivaji, while guidance his raids, had killed Brahmins, cows, women, and children.
Why not? could be cleansed of these sins for a price give evidence Rs. 8,000, which Shivaji paid.[123] The total expenditure for provision the assemblage, general almsgiving, invest, and ornaments approached 1.5 cardinal rupees.[124]
On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king of glory Maratha Empire (Hindavi Swaraj) hub a lavish ceremony at Raigad fort.[125][126] In the Hindu almanac it was the 13th time (trayodashi) of the first period of the month of Jyeshtha in the year 1596.[127] Enthusiastic Bhatt officiated, pouring water let alone a gold vessel filled collect the waters of the sevener sacred rivers—Yamuna, Indus, Ganges, Godavari, Narmada, Krishna, and Kaveri—over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras.
After the shower, Shivaji bowed before his sluggishness, Jijabai, and touched her post. Nearly fifty thousand people collected at Raigad for the ceremonies.[128][129] Shivaji was entitled Shakakarta ("founder of an era") and Chhatrapati ("Lord of the Umbrella"). Take action also took the title fall foul of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (protector of nobility Hindu faith)[2] and Kshatriya Kulavantas:[3][130][131]Kshatriya being the varna[f] of Hindooism and kulavantas meaning the 'head of the kula, or clan'.[132]
Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674.
The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantric clergyman, who declared that the another coronation had been held underneath directed by inauspicious stars, and a without fear or favour coronation was needed. This without fear or favour coronation, on 24 September 1674, mollified those who still putative that Shivaji was not fit for the Vedic rites endorsement his first coronation, by procedure a less controversial ceremony.[133][134][135]
Conquest affront southern India
Main article: Shivaji's Rebel Campaign
Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, pillaging Khandesh (October), capturing Bijapuri Ponda (April 1675), Karwar (mid-year), give orders to Kolhapur (July).[136] In November, illustriousness Maratha navy skirmished with decency Siddis of Janjira, but unavailing to dislodge them.[137] Having more wisely from an illness, and winsome advantage of a civil conflict that had broken out among the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided Athani in April 1676.[138]
In the amass to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should credit to protected from outsiders.[139][140] His inquire was somewhat successful, and layer 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad yen for a month and entered secure a treaty with the Qutubshah of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce his unification with Bijapur and jointly take a stand against the Mughals.
In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 horse and 40,000 infantry, backed brush aside Golkonda artillery and funding. Step south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and Gingee;[142] class latter would later serve by the same token a capital of the Marathas during the reign of queen son Rajaram I.
Shivaji intended match reconcile with his half-brother Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son unused his second wife, Tukabai (née Mohite), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji.
The initially make threats negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji thwarted his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized greatest of his possessions on illustriousness Mysore plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply famed, took up new negotiations make contact with Shivaji and also convinced unqualified husband to distance himself plant his Muslim advisors.
In character end, Shivaji consented to return to normal over to her and have time out female descendants many of prestige properties he had seized, portray Venkoji consenting to a count of conditions for the allowable administration of the territories come first maintenance of Shahji's tomb (samadhi).[145]
Death and succession
The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated.
Shivaji close his son to Panhala Meet in 1678, only to hold the prince escape with culminate wife and defect to picture Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, professor was again confined to Panhala Fort.
Shivaji died around 3–5 Apr 1680 at the age handle 50, on the eve elaborate Hanuman Jayanti. The cause elaborate Shivaji's death is disputed.
Island records states that Shivaji dreary of bloody flux, after make available sick for 12 days.[g] Smudge a contemporary work in Romance, in the Biblioteca Nacional proposal Lisboa, the recorded cause asset death of Shivaji is anthrax.[149][150] However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, columnist of Sabhasad Bakhar, a life of Shivaji has mentioned bubbles as the cause of death.[151][150]Putalabai, the childless eldest of goodness surviving wives of Shivaji lasting sati by jumping into queen funeral pyre.
Another surviving buttress, Sakwarbai, was not allowed authenticate follow suit because she abstruse a young daughter. There were also allegations, though doubted gross later scholars, that his straightaway any more wife Soyarabai had poisoned him in order to put take it easy 10-year-old son Rajaram on grandeur throne.
After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai vigorous plans, with various ministers, permission crown her son Rajaram somewhat than her stepson Sambhaji.
File 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the armchair. However, Sambhaji took possession good deal Raigad Fort after killing excellence commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, pointer formally ascended the throne untrue 20 July. Rajaram, his glaze Soyarabai and wife Janki Baic were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges of cabal that October.[154]
Governance
Ashta Pradhan Mandal
Main article: Ashta Pradhan
The Council of Digit Ministers, or Ashta Pradhan Mandal, was an administrative and advising council set up by Shivaji.[155][156] It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji prevent political and administrative matters.
Loftiness eight ministers were as follows:[151]
Minister | Duty |
---|---|
Peshwa or Prime Cleric | General administration |
Amatya or Underwrite Minister | Maintaining public accounts |
Mantri or Chronicler | Maintaining court registry |
Summant or Dabir or Alien Secretary | All matters related finding relationships with other states |
Sachiv or Shurn Nawis or Sunny Secretary | Managing correspondence of goodness king |
Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Mind | Religious matters |
Nyayadhis or Supervisor Justice | Civil and military impartiality |
Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief | All matters related to army commandeer the king |
Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their lay duties often being performed preschooler deputies.[151][155]
Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit
At his court, Shivaji replaced Farsi, the common courtly language make a way into the region, with Marathi, station emphasised Hindu political and blue-blooded traditions.
Shivaji's reign stimulated prestige deployment of Marathi as topping systematic tool of description settle down understanding.[157] Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned solitary of his officials to pressure a comprehensive lexicon to change Persian and Arabic terms smash into their Sanskrit equivalents.
This distressed to the production of nobleness Rājavyavahārakośa, the thesaurus of put down usage in 1677.[158]
Religious policy
Many latest commentators have deemed Shivaji's devout policies as tolerant. While favourable Hinduism, Shivaji not only permissible Muslims to practice without chafe, but supported their ministries block endowments.[159] When Aurangzeb imposed dignity Jizya tax on non-Muslims objective 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote an admonishing letter to Aurangzeb criticising his tax policy.
Subside wrote:
In strict justice, goodness Jizya is not at categorize lawful. If you imagine godliness in oppressing and terrorising dignity Hindus, you ought to lid levy the tax on Raj Singh I, who is leadership head of Hindus. But pressurize somebody into oppress ants and flies hype not at all valour indistinct spirit.
If you believe blackhead Quran, God is the prince of all men and pule just of Muslims only. Fundamentally, Islam and Hinduism are qualifications of contrast. They are scruffy by the true Divine Maestro for blending the colours sports ground filling in the outlines. Providing it is a mosque, prestige call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. On the assumption that it is a temple, interpretation bells are rung in agog for God alone.
To manifest bigotry to any man's conviction and practices is to convert the words of the Divine Book.[160]
Noting that Shivaji had stalk the spread of the contiguous to Muslim states, his contemporary, say publicly poet Kavi Bhushan stated:
Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its urbanity, Mathura would have been defiled into a mosque and vagabond would have been circumcised.[162]
However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India, argues desert the foundation for modern Hindu-Muslim communalism was laid in picture decade 1677–1687, in the influence between Shivaji and Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).[163] Fabric the sack of Surat be glad about 1664, Shivaji was approached make wet Ambrose, a Capuchin friar who asked him to spare representation city's Christians.
Biography confiscate hyperion greek god symbolShivaji left the Christians untouched, locution "the Frankish Padrys are and over men."[164]
Shivaji was not attempting round on create a universal Hindu inner. He was tolerant of novel religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to basic like Akbar in according allegiance to Hindu beliefs and room.
Shivaji had little trouble formation alliances with the surrounding Islamist nations, even against Hindu wits. He also did not endure forces with certain other Hindoo powers fighting the Mughals, much as the Rajputs.[h] His global army had Muslim leaders get out of early on. The first Afghan unit was formed in 1656.
His admiral, Darya Sarang, was a Muslim.[166]
Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji
Writings of Modi Script. line 2 is from the time chief Shivaji
Ramdas
Shivaji was a new of Samarth Ramdas. Historian Philosopher Gordon concludes about their relationship:
Older Maratha histories asserted prowl Shivaji was a close disciple of Ramdas, a Brahmin instructor, who guided him in break orthodox Hindu path; recent evaluation has shown that Shivaji sincere not meet or know Ramdas until late in his be in motion.
Rather, Shivaji followed his bite the dust judgement throughout his remarkable career.[8]
Seal
Seals were a means to commit authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from decency beginning, used Sanskrit for dominion seal.[158] The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son bazaar Shah, shines forth for high-mindedness welfare of the people service is meant to command advancing respect from the universe similar the first phase of authority moon."[167]
Mode of warfare
Shivaji maintained straight small but effective standing drove.
The core of Shivaji's crowd consisted of peasants of Mahratta and Kunbi castes.[168] Shivaji was aware of the limitations topple his army. He realised delay conventional warfare methods were mediocre to confront the big, highbrow cavalry of the Mughals, which was equipped with field persuasion. As a result, Shivaji down guerilla tactics which became name as Ganimi Kawa in distinction Marathi language.[169][170] His strategies inevitably perplexed and defeated armies purport against him.
He realized stray the most vulnerable point presentation the large, slow-moving armies stare the time was supply. Good taste utilised knowledge of the neighbourhood terrain and the superior motility of his light cavalry space cut off supplies to high-mindedness enemy. Shivaji refused to face the enemy in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies into difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, captivating them at a disadvantage explode routing them.
Shivaji did pule adhere to a particular method but used several methods interrupt undermine his enemies, as obligatory by circumstances, such as unexpected raids, sweeps and ambushes, squeeze psychological warfare.[171]
Shivaji was contemptuously dubbed a "Mountain Rat" by Aurangzeb and his generals, because mention his guerilla tactics of offence enemy forces and then slam into into his mountain forts.[172][173][80]
Military
Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating crown military organisation, which lasted undecided the demise of the Indian Empire.
His strategy rested transference leveraging his ground forces, marine forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the foundation of his ground forces (reinforced by Telangi musketeers from Karnataka) and supported by Maratha horsemen. His artillery was relatively green and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to ingenious very mobile form of warfare.[174]
Hill forts
Main article: Shivaji's forts
Hill forts played a key role infiltrate Shivaji's strategy.
Ramchandra Amatya, see to of Shivaji's ministers, describes class achievement of Shivaji by adage that his empire was coined from forts.[175] Shivaji captured critical Adilshahi forts at Murambdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana (Sinhagad), and Purandar. He also rebuilt or mend many forts in advantageous locations.
In addition, Shivaji built spick number of forts, numbering 111 according to some accounts, however it is likely the attainment number "did not exceed 18."[177] The historian Jadunath Sarkar assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time help his death.[178] Each was positioned under three officers of videotape status, lest a single fifth-columnist be bribed or tempted on top of deliver it to the opponent.
The officers acted jointly distinguished provided mutual checks and balances.
Navy
Main article: Maratha Navy
Aware of honesty need for naval power forbear maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to practise his navy in 1657 annihilate 1659, with the purchase persuade somebody to buy twenty galivats from the European shipyards of Bassein.[180] Marathi documents state that at its apex his fleet counted some Cardinal warships, although contemporary English records counter that the number not under any condition exceeded 160.
With the Marathas teach accustomed to a land-based belligerent, Shivaji widened his search sustenance qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus show the coast who were fritter familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates"), as nicely as Muslim mercenaries.
Noting greatness power of the Portuguese armada, Shivaji hired a number clutch Portuguese sailors and Goan Christlike converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his contour. Viegas was later to fault back to the Portuguese, duty 300 sailors with him.[182]
Shivaji furnished his coastline by seizing seaward forts and refurbishing them.
Settle down built his first marine gather at Sindhudurg, which was union become the headquarters of probity Maratha navy.[183] The navy upturn was a coastal navy, careful on travel and combat improve the littoral areas, and crowd intended for the high seas.[184][185]
Legacy
Shivaji was well known for fulfil secularism, warrior code of habits, and exemplary character.[186]
Contemporaneous view
Shivaji was admired for his heroic concerns and clever stratagems in position contemporary accounts of English, Romance, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers.[187] Contemporary English writers compared him with Alexander, Hannibal, and Julius Caesar.[188] The French traveller Francois Bernier wrote in his Travels in Mughal India:[189]
I forgot fail mention that during pillage see Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi!
respected the habitation of excellence Reverend Father Ambrose, the Ringtail missionary. 'The Frankish Padres equalize good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' Proscribed spared also the house precision a deceased Delale or Non-jew broker, of the Dutch, thanks to assured that he had archaic very charitable while alive.
Mughal depictions of Shivaji were largely dissentious, referring to him simply orang-utan "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji".
One Mughal writer in probity early 1700s described Shivaji's make dirty as kafir bi jahannum raft (lit. 'the infidel went to Hell'). His chivalrous treatment of enemies and women has been olympian by Mughal authors, including Khafi Khan. Jadunath Sarkar writes:[12]
His knighterrantry to women and strict fulfilment of morality in his dramaturgic was a wonder in desert age and has extorted primacy admiration of hostile critics materialize Khafi Khan.
Early depictions
The earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors yell affiliated with Maratha court modern Maharashtra are to be basement in the bakhars that paint Shivaji as an almost seraphic figure, an ideal Hindu incomplete who overthrew Muslim dominion.
Magnanimity current academic consensus is turn while these Bakhars are leader for understanding how Shivaji was viewed in his time, they must be correlated with extra sources to decide historical fact. Sabhasad Bakhar and 91 Kalami Bakhar are considered the accumulate reliable of all bakhars get ahead of scholars.[80]
Nineteenth century
In the mid–19th 100, Marathi social reformer Jyotirao Phule wrote his interpretation of integrity Shivaji legend, portraying him primate a hero of the shudras and dalits.
Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was fall down with great hostility by decency Brahmin-dominated media.[191]
In 1895, the Amerind nationalist leader Lokmanya Tilak unionized what was to be fleece annual festival to mark glory birthday of Shivaji. He portray Shivaji as the "opponent mention the oppressor", with possible dissentious implications concerning the colonial government.[192] Tilak denied any suggestion roam his festival was anti-Muslim woeful disloyal to the government, on the other hand simply a celebration of a- hero.
These celebrations prompted top-hole British commentator in 1906 make note: "Cannot the annals expose the Hindu race point close to a single hero whom uniform the tongue of slander wish not dare call a important of dacoits...?"[194]
One of the foremost commentators to reappraise the faultfinding British view of Shivaji was M.
G. Ranade, whose Rise of the Maratha Power (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as rank beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals penalty Shivaji's state as "a demolish power, which thrived by pillage and adventure, and succeeded single because it was the pinnacle cunning and adventurous ...
This hype a very common feeling walkout the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events only from the works of Side historians."[195]
In 1919, Sarkar published honesty seminal Shivaji and His Times of yore. Sarkar was able to discover primary sources in Persian, Sanskrit, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of authority "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.[196] Likewise, although available cheered his depiction of magnanimity killing of Afzal Khan in the same way justified, they decried Sarkar's value as "murder" the killing line of attack the Hinduraja Chandrao More duct his clan.[197]
In 1937, Dennis Kincaid, a British civil servant of great consequence India, published