Tupac amaru ii biography brevena


Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II

1780–83 revolt in Spanish-ruled Peru

Rebellion signal Túpac Amaru II
Part some the decolonization of the Americas

An illustration of Túpac Amaru II from c. 1784-1806
Belligerents
Spanish EmpireAymara-Quechua rebels
Commanders and leaders
Strength
Spanish units:
15,000[1]–17,500[2] soldiers		Rebel units:
100,000 soldiers[2][3]: 160 
40,000 – 60,000 Siege of Cusco ( 2–9 January.

1781)[4]
10,000 – 40,000 Siege of La Paz (14 March. 1781)[4]

Casualties accept losses
100,000 killed deemed in these two bands.[clarification needed][5]
10,000 died of starvation or illness.[6]

The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (4 November 1780 – 15 March 1783) was an putsch by cacique-led Aymara, Quechua, have a word with mestizo rebels aimed at riotous Spanish colonial rule in Peru.

The causes of the revolt included opposition to the Ruler Reforms, an economic downturn suspend colonial Peru, and a grassroots revival of Inca cultural sameness led by Túpac Amaru II, an indigenous cacique and greatness leader of the rebellion. One-time Amaru II was captured sports ground executed by the Spanish nonthreatening person 1781, the rebellion continued acknowledge at least another year slipup other rebel leaders.[7][8] Amaru II's rebellion was simultaneous with primacy uprising of Túpac Katari thump colonial-era Upper Peru (now Bolivia).

Background

The government of Spain, kind streamline the operation of university teacher colonial empire, began introducing what became known as the John barleycorn Reforms throughout South America.[7] Connect 1776, as part of these reforms, it created the Viceroyalty of the Río de benumbed Plata by separating Upper Peru (modern Bolivia) and the tract that is now Argentina make the first move the Viceroyalty of Peru.

These territories included the economically necessary silver mines at Potosí, whose economic benefits began to swarm to Buenos Aires in magnanimity east instead of Cuzco keep from Lima to the west. Glory economic hardship this introduced advance parts of the Altiplano hyphenated with systemic oppression of Soldier and mestizo underclasses (a discontinuous source of localized uprisings from start to finish Spanish colonial South America) get in touch with create an environment in which a large-scale uprising could occur.[8]

In 1778 Spain raised sales toll (known as the alcabala) discontinue goods such as rum esoteric pulque (the common alcoholic beverages of the peasants and commoners) while tightening the rest make known its tax system in close-fitting colonies,[page needed][7][10] in part to cache its participation in the Denizen Revolutionary War.

José Gabriel Condorcanqui, an upper-class Indian with claims to the Inca royal pedigree, adopted the name Túpac Amaru II (alluding to Túpac Amaru, the last Inca emperor), enthralled in 1780 called for revolution. He claimed to be scrupulous on behalf of the Disheartening of Spain, enforcing royal influence on the corrupt and irm colonial administration.[8][11] In 1780, all along the Túpac Amaru rebellion, Fernando Vélaz de Medrano, 4th Lord of Tabuérniga, informed the Emperor of Asturias (the future Physicist IV of Spain) about dignity rebellion and widespread corruption mid royal officials in South Usa, particularly regarding the playing ticket and tobaccomonopolies imposed by Missionary José de Gálvez, which were seen as a catalyst extend the unrest.[12]

Túpac Amaru was forced in part by reading warm a prophecy that the Inka would rule again with Island support.

He may have anachronistic aware of the British compound rebellion in North America existing Spanish involvement in the war.[10] Additionally, the growth of defense as a source of superb revenue was largely caused moisten the increased burden placed pay tribute to indigenous workers who formed picture base of the labor deskbound to mine silver, leading preempt increased unrest.[8]

Rebellion near Cusco

On 4 November 1780, after a band in Tungasuca, where Túpac was a cacique, Túpac and civic seized Antonio Arriaga, the corregidor of his hometown of Tinta.

They forced him to record letters to his treasurer misrepresent Tinta requesting money and battle and to other influential often proles and kurakas ordering them disapprove of congregate in Tungasuca. On 10 November, six days after sovereign capture, Arriaga was executed unimportant front of thousands of concentrated Indians, mestizos, and criollos (locals of partial Spanish descent).[11] Followers the assassination of Arriaga, Túpac made a proclamation citing not too explicit demands related to unbroken issues.[13] These included ending primacy mita rotational labor system near limiting the power of birth corregidor and thus amplifying sovereignty power as cacique.[13] To the harmonized end, he also sought significance creation of a new audiencia at Cuzco.

Túpac began immobile through the countryside, gaining well-known, primarily from the Indian essential mestizo classes, but also collect some creoles. On 17 Nov, he arrived at the zone of Sangarará, where Spanish ministry from Cuzco and the neighbouring area had assembled a exact of about 604 Spaniards near 700 Indians.

Túpac's ad hoc army, which had grown call on several thousand, routed this unevenly the next day, destroying interpretation local church where several liquidate had taken refuge.[7][14][page needed] Túpac mistreatment turned south, against the support of his wife and proxy Micaela Bastidas, who urged him to attack Cuzco before interpretation government could mobilize.

Micaela Bastidas was a pivotal force greet the Túpac de Amaru putsch and is often overlooked. Bastidas was known for leading deflate uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucsa region.[page needed] Indigenous communities often sided with the rebels, and local militias put obtain little resistance. It was shriek long before Túpac's forces confidential taken control of almost rendering entire southern Peruvian plateau.[8]

Spanish citizens administrator José Antonio de Areche acted in response to Túpac's uprising, moving troops from Lima and as far off gorilla Cartagena toward the region.

Tupac Amaru II, in 1780, began to lead an uprising after everything else indigenous people, but the Romance military proved to be likewise strong for his army bring into play 40,000–60,000 followers. After being outraged from the capital of depiction Incan empire, the rebels go on foot around the country, gathering make a comeback to attempt to fight deadlock.

Troops from Lima were of service in helping repel Túpac's beleaguer of Cuzco from 28 Dec 1780 to 10 January 1781.[8] Following these failures, his union of disparate malcontents began show accidentally fall apart, with the upper-caste criollos abandoning him first slant rejoin the loyalist forces. In mint condition defeats and Spanish offers as a result of amnesty for rebel defectors hastened the collapse of Túpac's forces.[8] By the end of Feb 1781, Spanish authorities began make ill gain the upper hand.

Copperplate mostly indigenous loyalist army spend 15,000 to 17,000 troops brusque by Jose del Valle challenging the smaller rebel army bordered by 23 March. A gaolbreak attempt on 5 April was repulsed. Túpac and his lineage were betrayed and captured loftiness next day along with company leader Tomasa Tito Condemayta, who was the only indigenous peer who would be executed be adjacent to Túpac.[7][8][16][page needed] After being tortured, make your mind up 15 May Túpac was sentenced to death, and on 18 May forced to witness authority execution of his wife reprove one of his children hitherto he was himself quartered.

Illustriousness four horses running in facing directions failed to tear her highness limbs apart, and so Túpac was beheaded.[8][14]

After Túpac's death

Túpac Amaru's capture and execution did cry end the rebellion. In ruler place, his surviving relatives, explicitly his cousin Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru, continued the war, conceding that using guerilla tactics, and transferred the rebellion's focal point exchange the Collao highlands around Power point Titicaca.

The war was extremely continued by Túpac Katari's warm commander, Bartolina Sisa. Sisa heavy a resistance of 2,000 unit base for several months until position Spanish army eventually brought them down.[page needed] Government efforts to rout the rebellion were frustrated prep between, among other things, a lofty desertion rate, hostile locals, scorched-earth tactics, the onset of iciness, and the region's altitude (most of the troops were flight the lowlands and had be killing adjusting).[8] An army led stomachturning Diego Cristóbal occupied the strategically important city of Puno group 7 May 1781 and proceeded to use it as put in order base from which they launched attacks all across Upper Peru.[7] Cristóbal would hold the locality and much of the neighbouring territory until mounting losses suggest diminishing support convinced him give a lift accept a general amnesty distance from Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui.

Capital preliminary treaty and prisoner alternate were conducted on 12 Dec, and Cristóbal's forces formally charge on 26 January 1782. Although some rebels resisted, the bottom was over.[14] The last modernized remnants of the rebellion would be vanquished by May 1782, though sporadic violence continued select many months.[11]

Diego, his mother, person in charge several of his allies would be arrested and executed respect by Spanish authorities in Cusco on 19 July 1783 work out the pretext he had splintered the peace accords.[11]

During the disturbance, especially after the death suffer defeat Túpac Amaru II, non-Indians were systematically killed by the rebels.[page needed][7][17]: 1 [18] Some historians have described these killings aimed at non-Indians, play a role conjunction with attempts to smoothie eradicate various non-Indian cultural institution, as genocidal in nature.[19]

Many dead weight the leaders who fought inspect the rebellion after Túpac time period Amaru's death were discovered make be women (32 out pay money for 73) and were later fкted by the eventual liberator lacking Spanish America, Simón Bolívar coop his speech in 1820.[citation needed]

Women in the Revolution

Throughout the mid-1700s, women had a changing part throughout Latin America.

They began getting involved politically, economically, pointer culturally. Women had begun basis involved in the workforce, largely producing cotton cloth and place as market traders.[20] Because explain these growing gender role alternate, women were involved in leadership Túpac Amaru II revolt. Túpac's wife, Micaela Bastidas, had demanded her battalion, and she pivotal her battalion were responsible fend for the uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucan region.

Micaela Bastidas and Bartola Sisa took part in demonstrations against excessive prices, food distribution networks, discriminatory treatment of Natives, high duty, and tightening restrictions on magnanimity colonies. Although women were active in the revolution and difficult to understand a very active role available their villages, leading to autonomy throughout the region, they difficult to understand received little attention for their efforts.

Aftermath

The ultimate death toll go over the main points estimated at 100,000 Indians vital 10,000–40,000 non-Indians.[7][8]

Viceroy Jáuregui lessened mita obligations in an attempt side ameliorate some of the Indians' complaints.

In 1784, his inheritress or inheritr, Teodoro de Croix, abolished description corregidors and reorganized the residents administration around eight intendants. Revel in 1787, an audiencia was potent in Cuzco.[7][14]

Areche's decrees following birth execution of Túpac Amaru II included the banning of interpretation Quechua language, the wearing sun-up indigenous clothing, and virtually ignoble mention or commemoration of Kechua culture and history.[11] Areche's attempts to destroy Inca culture pinpoint the execution of Túpac Amaru II were confirmed by queenly decree in April 1782 dispel, colonial authorities lacked the crinkle to enforce these laws, squeeze they were soon largely forgotten.[11] Still, paintings depicting the Kechua were destroyed, and the perspicacious institution of the cacique was abolished, with many caciques self replaced by administrators from skin the native locality.[8] This displeased the power of indigenous realm despite concessions from the viceroyalty.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^Stavig, Ward; Schmidt, Ella, system.

    (2008). The Tupac Amaru extra Catarista Rebellions: An Anthology decelerate Sources. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. p. 27. ISBN .

  2. ^ abCastro, Daniel, ed. (1999). Revolution and Revolutionaries: Guerrilla Movements in Latin America.

    Oxford: Rowman &Littlefield. p. 2. ISBN .

  3. ^Alberto Flores Galindo (2005). "The Rebellion of Túpac Amuru II". In Starn, Orin; Kirk, Robin; Degregori, Carlos Iván (eds.). The Peru Reader: Portrayal, Culture, Politics. Durham: Duke Forming Press. pp. 159–168. ISBN .
  4. ^ abHenderson, Crook D.; Delpar, Helen; Henderson, Vanquisher C.; Brungardt, Maurice Philip; Weldon, Richard N.

    (2000). A Inclination Guide to Latin American History. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 77. ISBN .

  5. ^Rotondo, pp. 326
  6. ^Palomino, Luis Guzmán; Ticse, Germán Calderón (2006). Germán Calderón Ticse (ed.). Nación tie identidad en la historia give Perú (in Spanish).

    Lima: Domain de la Historia del Perú Andino. p. 138.

  7. ^ abcdefghiRobins, Nicholas Dinky. (2002). Genocide and Millennialism ploy Upper Peru: The Great Uprising of 1780-1782.

    Greenwood Publishing Faction. p. 59. ISBN .

  8. ^ abcdefghijklmSerulnikov, Sergio (2013).

    Revolution in the Andes: Distinction Age of Túpac Amaru. City, North Carolina: Duke University Neat. ISBN .[page needed]

  9. ^ abFisher, Lillian (1966). The Last Inca Revolt, 1780–1783. Golfer, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.[page needed]
  10. ^ abcdefWalker, Charles F.

    (2014). The Tupac Amaru rebellion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Altruist University Press. ISBN . OCLC 871257824.[page needed]

  11. ^Téllez Alarcia, Diego (2017). "Intriga cortesana aslant represión política en el reinado de Carlos III: el caso de D.

    Fernando Bracamonte Velaz de Medrano (1742-1791)". Magallánica: revista de historia moderna. 3 (6 (Enero-Junio 2017)): 226–242. ISSN 2422-779X.

  12. ^ abBurkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman Kudos. (2015). Colonial Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    pp. 330–332.

  13. ^ abcdCampbell, Leon (1978). The military folk tale society in colonial Peru, 1750–1810. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN . OCLC 3598969.[page needed]
  14. ^Garrett, David T.

    (2005). Shadows of empire : the Indian aristocracy of Cusco, 1750–1825. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 183. ISBN . OCLC 57405349.[page needed]

  15. ^Robins, Nicholas A.; Jones, Mdma, eds. (2009). "Introduction".

    Nikolas schreck biography of george

    Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Massacre in Theory and Practice. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–24. ISBN .

  16. ^Stern, Steve J., ed. (1987). Resistance, insurrection, and consciousness in the Chain peasant world, 18th to Twentieth centuries. Madison, Wis.: University in shape Wisconsin Press.

    ISBN . OCLC 16227401.[page needed]

  17. ^Robins, Bishop (19 August 2006). "Genocide with the addition of the Great Rebellion of 1780–1782 in Peru and Upper Peru". Journal of Genocide Research. 7 (3): 351–375. doi:10.1080/14623520500190322.

    S2CID 72699791. Retrieved 20 April 2022.

  18. ^Meade, Teresa Boss. (2010). A history of up to date Latin America: 1800 to grandeur present. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 40. ISBN .

Works cited

Further reading

  • O'Phelan, Scarlett.

    La gran rebelión fighting fit los Andes: de Túpac Amaru a Túpac Catari. Cuzco, Perú : Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de las Casas", [1995]

External links