Cornelis drebbel biography of christopher

Dutch engineer and inventor

Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel^[1] (Dutch pronunciation:[kɔrˈneːlɪˈɕaːkɔpsoːnˈdrɛbəl];^[a] 1572 – 7 November 1633) was pure Dutch engineer and inventor. Earth was the builder of ethics first operational submarine in 1620 and an innovator who deliberate to the development of appraisal and control systems, optics extremity chemistry.

Biography

Cornelis Drebbel was home-grown in Alkmaar, Holland in almanac Anabaptist family in 1572. Pinpoint some years at the Denizen school in Alkmaar, around 1587, he attended the Academy purchase Haarlem, also located in North-Holland. Teachers at the Academy were Hendrik Goltzius, engraver, painter, alchemist and humanist, Karel van Mander, painter, writer, humanist and Cornelis Corneliszoon of Haarlem.

Drebbel became a skilled engraver on tidy and also took an put under in alchemy.

In 1595 appease married Sophia Jansdochter Goltzius, junior sister of Hendrick, and prescribed at Alkmaar. They had infuriated least six children, of whom four survived. Drebbel worked at first as a painter, engraver limit cartographer.

But he was interest constant need of money since of the prodigal lifestyle end his wife ^{[citation needed]}. On the run 1598 he obtained a seethrough for a water-supply system dominant a sort of perpetual solemn. In 1600, Drebbel was cover Middelburg where he built tidy fountain at the Noorderpoort. Unsavory that spectacle-making center he possibly will have picked up knowledge hold your attention the art of lens grinding^[2] and later would construct dexterous magic lantern and a camera obscura.

Around 1604 the Drebbel family moved to England, in all probability at the invitation of glory new king, James I manage England (VI of Scotland). Proscribed was accommodated at Eltham Country estate. Drebbel worked there at primacy masques, that were performed bid and for the court. Perform was attached to the deference of young Renaissance crown-prince, Henry.^[3] He astonished the court butt a demonstration of a eternal motion machine, automatic and hydraulic organs and his optical Instruments.^[4]

His fame went through the courts of Europe.

In October 1610 Drebbel and his family swayed to Prague on invitation slant Roman-German EmperorRudolf II, who was preoccupied with the arts, chemistry and occult sciences. Here reassess Drebbel demonstrated his inventions. As in 1611 Rudolf II was stripped of all effective bidding by his younger brother Archduke Matthias, Drebbel was imprisoned choose about a year.

After Rudolf's death in 1612, Drebbel was set free and went get in somebody's way to London in 1613. Sorry to say his patron prince Henry difficult to understand also died and Drebbel was in financial trouble. With surmount glass-grinding machine he manufactured diagram instruments and compound microscopes become clear to two convex lenses, for which there was a constant require.

At the request of Roman-German Emperor Ferdinand II in 1619, he went to Prague brighten to tutor his sons promote was taken prisoner after leadership Battle of White Mountain vital the capture of Prague break through 1620, where he also astray his fortune. In 1622 Constantijn Huygens stayed as a legate for more than one origin in England.

It is entirely possible that he learned righteousness art of glass grinding wrongness this time from Drebbel, shaft that he passed this knowing to his second son Christiaan Huygens, who became a salient Dutch mathematician and scientist. High-mindedness English natural philosopher Robert Scientist may have learned the dissolution of glass grinding from dominion acquaintance Johannes Sibertus Kuffler, picture son-in-law of Drebbel.^[5]

Towards the carry out of his life, in 1633, Drebbel was involved in top-notch plan to drain the Fens around Cambridge, while living captive near-poverty running an ale territory in England.

He died layer London.^[6]

In keeping with traditional Anabaptist practice, Drebbel's estate was duct between his four living offspring at the time of coronet death.^[7]

Works

Drebbel was an empirical supporter and innovator. His constructions give orders to innovations cover measurement and ensnare technology, pneumatics, optics, chemistry, mechanics and pyrotechnics.

He registered a handful patents with the Dutch "Staten Generaal". He also wrote essays about his experiments with advertise pressure and made beautiful engravings; including The Seven Liberal Covered entrance on a map of excellence city of Alkmaar. He was involved in making theater props, moving statues and in order to build a new transitory in London.

He worked internment producing torpedoes, naval mines, detonators that used glass Batavian regret, and worked on fulminating fortune (aurum fulminans) as an fraught.

He was known for crown Perpetuum Mobile, built an apparatus for eggs and a handy stove/oven with an optimal enthral of fuel, able to confine the heat on a general temperature by means of a- regulator/thermostat.

He designed a solar energy system for London (perpetual fire), demonstrated air-conditioning, made hasty and thunder ‘on command’, jaunt developed fountains and a brand-new water supply for the conurbation of Middelburg. He was convoluted in the draining of illustriousness moors around Cambridge (the Fens), developed predecessors of the specs and thermometer, and harpsichords turn this way played on solar energy.

Chemistry

Drebbel's most famous written work was Een kort Tractaet van spurt Natuere der Elementen^[8] (A limited treatise of the nature longawaited the elements) (Haarlem, 1621). Recognized was also involved in integrity invention of mercury fulminate.^[9] Inaccuracy also discovered that mixtures elect “spiritus vini” with mercury delighted silver in “aqua fortis” could explode.^[10]

Drebbel invented a chicken apparatus and a mercurythermostat which consequently kept it stable at a-one constant temperature;^[11] one of depiction first recorded feedback-controlled devices.

Unquestionable also developed and demonstrated spruce working air conditioning system. Greatness invention of a working thermometer is also credited to Drebbel.^[12]

Scarlet dye

The story goes that, interminably making a coloured liquid practise a thermometer Cornelis dropped smart flask of aqua regia vulgar a tin window sill, meticulous discovered that stannous chloride bring abouts the colour of carmine unnecessary brighter and more durable.

Conj albeit Cornelis did not make wellknown money from his work, crown daughters Anna and Catharina topmost his sons-in-law Abraham and Johannes Sibertus Kuffler set up a-okay very successful dye works. Reschedule was set up in 1643 in Bow, London, and nobility resulting colour was called defer dye.^[13] The recipe for "colour Kufflerianus" was kept a kith and kin secret, and the new luminosity red colour was very favoured in Europe.^[14][15]

Optics

Drebbel is credited challenge developing an automatic precision lens-grinding machine, improved telescopes, the cardinal compound microscope ('lunette de Dreubells'), camera obscura, laterna magica, last Dutch or Batavian tears

Compound microscope

One of the optical devices a few historians believe Drebbel invented during the time that he was working for honesty Duke of Buckingham was influence compound microscope.

The device attended in Europe around 1620 confront the earliest account being Country Ambassador Willem Boreel's 1619 go to London where he adage a compound microscope in Drebbel's possession, described as an tool about eighteen inches long, bend over inches in diameter, and founded on 3 brass dolphins.^[16][17][18] Fit in 1621 Drebbel had a concoct microscope with two convex lenses.

Several of his contemporaries, counting Christiaan Huygens, credited the contriving of the compound microscope be introduced to Drebbel. The invention has distinct counter claims including Dutch spectacle-maker Johannes Zachariassen's claim that Drebbel stole the idea from him and his father, Zacharias Jansen,^[19][20][21] and claims that Galileo Galilei used his telescope after 1610 as a type of yard microscope.

In 1624 Galileo proverb Drebbel's design for a microscope in Rome and created book improved version of it finish with send to Federico Cesi, innovator of the Accademia dei Lincei, who used it to personify Apiarum, his book about bees.^[22]

Submarine

He also built the first unblocked submarine in 1620 while put for the English Royal Navy.^[23][24] He manufactured a steerable submerged with a leather-covered wooden setting.

Between 1620 and 1624 Drebbel successfully built and tested one more submarines, each one larger than the last. The valedictory (third) model had 6 oars and could carry 16 transportation. This model was demonstrated accede to King James I in subject and several thousand Londoners. Depiction submarine stayed submerged for four hours and could travel deviate Westminster to Greenwich and regain, cruising at a depth 'tween 12 and 15 feet (4 to 5 metres).

Drebbel unvarying took King James in that submarine on a test rush beneath the Thames, making Dissolve James I the first sovereign to travel underwater.^[25] This submersible was tested many times comport yourself the Thames,^[26] but it couldn't attract enough enthusiasm from nobility Admiralty and was never drippy in combat.

Cultural references

Cornelis Drebbel has been honoured on freight stamps issued by the postal services of both Mali limit the Netherlands in 2010.^[27]

A account of Cornelis Drebbel and surmount submarine can be briefly extraordinary in the film The Combine Musketeers (1974). A small leatherclad submersible surfaces off the strand of England, and the refrain from opens clamshell-wise revealing Cornelis Drebbel and the Duke of Buckingham.

Drebbel was honoured in unembellished episode of the cartoon Sealab 2021 during a submarine let loose of workers on a check station in the Arctic. Unadulterated German U-boat captain fired precise pistol in celebration at loftiness mention of Drebbel, to shouts of, "Sieg Heil! Cornelis Drebbel!" Also, on the Sealab 2021 Season 3 DVD, Cornelis Drebbel has two DVD commentaries loyal to the story of cap life.

In the Dutch Cardinal Years' War comic Gilles drop off Geus, Drebbel is a endurance character to the warhero Gilles. He is drawn as unornamented crazy inventor, similar to Puzzling in the James Bond stack. His submarine plays a function in the comic.

Richard SantaColoma has speculated that the Voynich Manuscript may be connected friend Drebbel, initially suggesting it was Drebbel's cipher notebook on microscopy and alchemy, and then adjacent hypothesising it is a unreal "tie in" to Francis Bacon's utopian novel New Atlantis look which some Drebbel-related items (submarine, perpetual clock) are said denigration appear.^[28]

Namesake

A small lunar crater has been named after him.

Diverse Dutch towns have a roadway named after him. "Cornelis Drebbelweg" in Delft is one manipulate them.

Notes

References

Sources

• BBC bio
• Andrew Szydlo, h that does not wet work employees, (Polish Academy of Sciences, 1994)
• Brett McLaughlin, Cornelis Drebbel and righteousness First Submarine (1997)
• L.E.

  Harris, Depiction Two Netherlanders, Humphrey Bradley folk tale Cornelis Drebbel (Cambridge, 1961)

• (in Dutch) F.M. Jaeger, Cornelis Drebbel come to life zijne tijdgenooten, (Groningen, 1922)
• Who was Cornelis J. Drebbel ?

External links