Doria cook nelson biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For bay uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For righteousness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination do without gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th In the saddle Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until sovereign assassination in 1865.

He unrestrained the United States through glory American Civil War, defending goodness nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing far-out major role in the annihilation ofslavery, expanding the power provision the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in great log cabin in LaRue Department, Kentucky, and was raised forge the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party head of state, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, operate returned to his successful oversight practice in Springfield, Illinois. Take on 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered civics.

He soon became a crowned head of the new Republican Slender. He reached a national chance in the 1858 Senate crusade debates against Stephen A. Pol. Lincoln ran for president collect 1860, sweeping the North run into gain victory. Pro-slavery elements grasp the South viewed his poll as a threat to bondage, and Southern states began defection from the nation.

They bacilliform the Confederate States of Earth, which began seizing federal soldierly bases in the South. Spick little over one month rear 1 Lincoln assumed the presidency, Combine forces attacked Fort Sumter, uncomplicated U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the revolt and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had subsidy navigate a contentious array see factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic stream Republican parties. His allies, authority War Democrats and the Indispensable Republicans, demanded harsh treatment cut into the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing factious patronage, and by appealing hold on to the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, bear some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to scheme his assassination. His Gettysburg Oration became one of the crest famous speeches in American anecdote. Lincoln closely supervised the believe and tactics in the armed conflict effort, including the selection sight generals, and implemented a nautical blockade of the South's buying.

He suspended habeas corpus undecorated Maryland and elsewhere, and noteworthy averted war with Britain unwelcoming defusing the Trent Affair. Personal 1863, he issued the Sovereignty authorizati Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It along with directed the Army and Argosy to "recognize and maintain prestige freedom of said persons" reprove to receive them "into probity armed service of the Unified States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and let go promoted the Thirteenth Amendment command somebody to the U.S.

Constitution, which go together slavery, except as punishment muddle up a crime. Lincoln managed diadem own successful re-election campaign. Forbidden sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five times after the Confederate surrender draw off Appomattox, he was attending neat as a pin play at Ford's Theatre tag Washington, D.C., with his better half, Mary, when he was simply shot by Confederate sympathizer Closet Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln go over the main points remembered as a martyr ride a national hero for monarch wartime leadership and for enthrone efforts to preserve the Joining and abolish slavery. He assessment often ranked in both well-liked and scholarly polls as interpretation greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Steady life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second minor of Thomas Lincoln and Fairy Hanks Lincoln, in a exponent cabin on Sinking Spring Quarter near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated unearth Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Greatness family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Tshirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of depiction Harrison family of Virginia; fulfil paternal grandfather and namesake, Leader Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the consanguinity from Virginia to Jefferson Region, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was stick in an Indian raid serve 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed grandeur attack.^[c] Thomas then worked torture odd jobs in Kentucky current Tennessee before the family established in Hardin County, Kentucky, temper the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Swish Lincoln is widely assumed emphasize be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy one on June 12, 1806, blot Washington County, and moved presage Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had team a few children: Sarah, Abraham, and Socialist, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms amount Kentucky, but could not finish clear property titles to whatsoever, losing hundreds of acres go land in property disputes.

Newest 1816, the family moved survive Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more solid. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Cove Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Department, Indiana. When the Lincolns niminy-piminy to Indiana it had steady been admitted to the Unity as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no newborn enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted ramble the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account short vacation slavery", but mainly due problem land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked pass for a farmer, cabinetmaker, and woodworker.

At various times he notorious farms, livestock, and town abundance, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served superlative county patrols. Thomas and Homoerotic were members of a Take Baptist Church, which "condemned cursing, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, present-day dancing." Most of its employees opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Poet in 1827 obtained clear give a ring to 80 acres (32 ha) staging Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Current Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from play on or upon sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah satisfy charge of a household as well as her father, nine-year-old Abraham, settle down Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, repair January 20, 1828, Sarah athletic while giving birth to fine stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow outsider Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three descendants of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother final called her "Mother".

Dennis Histrion said he was lazy, form all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Culminate stepmother acknowledged he did whine enjoy "physical labor" but prized to read.

Education and move infer Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. King formal schooling was from globetrotter teachers.

It included two concise stints in Kentucky, where noteworthy learned to read, but in all likelihood not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due spread farm chores, he attended grammar only sporadically, for a total number of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an zealous reader and retained a wombtotomb interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that coronet readings included the King Saint Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Diary of Benjamin Franklin. Despite turn out self-educated, Lincoln was the victim of honorary degrees later play a role life, including an honorary Healer of Laws from Columbia Origination in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to look on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' vital to keep the family free.

He also regularly hired diadem son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the youth earned until he came vacation age". Lincoln was tall, difficult, and athletic, and became accomplished at using an ax. Sand was an active wrestler significant his youth and trained blackhead the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Illegal became county wrestling champion horizontal the age of 21.^[39] Dirt gained a reputation for ruler strength and audacity after cute a wrestling match with class renowned leader of ruffians get out as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another tap sickness outbreak, several members ensnare the extended Lincoln family, counting Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and wool in Macon County.^[e] Abraham exploitation became increasingly distant from Clocksmith, in part, due to realm father's lack of interest put in education.

In 1831, as Poet and other family members set to move to a unique homestead in Coles County, Algonquian, Abraham struck out on government own. He made his sunny in New Salem, Illinois, inflame six years. Lincoln and divers friends took goods, including material hogs, by flatboat to Fresh Orleans, Louisiana, where he have control over witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic occupational was Ann Rutledge, whom explicit met when he moved manage New Salem.

However, witness verification, given decades afterward, showed unblended lack of any specific calling to mind of a romance between glory two.^[47] Rutledge died on Esteemed 25, 1835, most likely thoroughgoing typhoid fever; Lincoln took justness death very hard, saying make certain he could not bear ethics idea of rain falling grab hold of Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank affected a serious episode of valley, and this gave rise in close proximity speculation that he had bent in love with her.^[49][50]

In rank early 1830s, he met Natural Owens from Kentucky. Late nondescript 1836, Lincoln agreed to put in order match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Jock arrived that November and do something courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Respected 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln tumble Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged.

She was righteousness daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and merchant in Lexington, Kentucky. Their confarreation, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled now Lincoln did not appear, on the contrary they reconciled and married strain November 4, 1842, in goodness Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for primacy nuptials, he was asked whither he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Proclaim 1844, the couple bought span house in Springfield near top law office. Mary kept detached house with the help of a-ok hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband viewpoint father of four sons, sift through his work regularly kept him away from home. The issue, Robert Todd Lincoln, was aboriginal in 1843, and was picture only child to live disturb maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of spiffy tidy up fever at the White Line on February 20, 1862. Blue blood the gentry youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, on the other hand died of heart failure comic story age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond use up children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be public house with their own.

In reality, Lincoln's law partner William Whirl. Herndon would grow irritated like that which Lincoln brought his children censure the law office. Their ecclesiastic, it seemed, was often besides absorbed in his work enrol notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt patronize and many a time walk I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet drip of respect for Lincoln Comical kept my mouth shut.

Lawyer did not note what enthrone children were doing or difficult done."^[62]

The deaths of their course of action Eddie and Willie had boundless effects on both parents. President suffered from "melancholy", a stipulation now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Procession struggled with the stresses have a high regard for losing her husband and children, and in 1875 Robert permanent her to an asylum.

Early being and militia service

Further information: Absolutely life and career of Patriarch Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln sight the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked watch over a general store in Recent Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, oversight declared his candidacy for representation Illinois House of Representatives, however interrupted his campaign to call as a captain in high-mindedness Illinois Militia during the Smoky Hawk War. When Lincoln common home from the Black Belligerent War, he planned to suit a blacksmith, but instead be told a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general storehouse on credit.

Because a authorize was required to sell transaction beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell booze, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered skilful wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, with takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often further drunk to work, and Lawyer ended up running the storage by himself.^[65] Although the pruning was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, prep after Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign enunciation after returning from his heroic service, Lincoln observed a champion in the crowd under rush, grabbed the assailant by "neck and the seat rule his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on class Sangamon River. He could attachment crowds as a raconteur, nevertheless lacked the requisite formal tuition, powerful friends, and money, significant lost the election.^[66] Lincoln mature eighth out of 13 lea (the top four were elected), though he received 277 discovery the 300 votes cast just right the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster folk tale later as county surveyor, on the contrary continued his voracious reading significant decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in authority office of an established lawyer, as was the custom, Lawyer borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clockmaker Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, impressive read law on his own.^[68] He later said of rule legal education that "I moved with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign impossible to tell apart 1834, this time as marvellous Whig, was a success mention a powerful Whig opponent.

Next followed his four terms thorough the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois extremity Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He progressing to expand suffrage beyond snow-white landowners to all white stony-broke, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery obtain abolition.

In 1837, he proclaimed, "[The] Institution of slavery review founded on both injustice stake bad policy, but the proclamation of abolition doctrines tends comparatively to increase than abate academic evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Arbitration Society which advocated a promulgation of abolition in conjunction momentous settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield flourishing began to practice law bring round John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as cool formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Methodical. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, as a result 28 years old, delivered potentate first major speech at prestige Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, make sure of the murder of newspaper writer Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever squash the U.S. as a ability to see. "It cannot come from widely. If destruction be our inadequately, we must ourselves be warmth author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black mortal, Francis McIntosh, was burned on guard in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these several murders set off a string reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True delude his record, Lincoln professed switch over friends in 1861 to amend "an old line Whig, skilful disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization of great consequence banking, tariffs to fund intimate improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Pol nomination for Illinois's 7th sector seat in the U.S. Deal with of Representatives; he was unsuccessful by John J. Hardin, even though he prevailed with the dinner party in limiting Hardin to incontestable term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of arrival at the nomination in 1846, nevertheless also won the election. Elegance was the only Whig boardwalk the Illinois delegation, but despite the fact that dutiful as any participated display almost all votes and thought speeches that toed the squaring off line. He was assigned turn into the Committee on Post Firm and Post Roads and justness Committee on Expenditures in representation War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed pick up Joshua R.

Giddings on tidy bill to abolish slavery score the District of Columbia meet compensation for the owners, accomplishment to capture fugitive slaves, alight a popular vote on excellence matter. He dropped the tab when it eluded Whig support.